The framework sought to halve the employment gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, among other targets. But the employment target expired unmet .
Governments have relied on a series of employment programs to tackle the employment gap, but these have not yielded positive outcomes. Before the new program we need more evidence of what does and doesn’t work.
There has been no robust evaluation of the last two employment programs. Evidence of what does work might help us finally start closing the gap.
Although the median Indigenous income overall, the income gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is , particularly in remote areas.
This is a concerning trend and does not align with around reducing Indigenous disadvantage.
Employment programs
Since the Community Development Employment Projects scheme began to be rolled back in (before it was later abolished), a series of other programs operated in remote communities.
These have included the Job Network, Job Services Australia, the Remote Jobs and Communities Program and the current .
The standard approach of these programs has been to increase pressure on jobseekers to participate in “work-for-the-dole” (for example, through increased participation hours), and mete out financial penalties when jobseekers fail to abide by the program rules.
In this way, it’s hoped programs can somehow push jobseekers into employment.
The four programs are very similar in terms of their modes of delivery, funding structures and core components. However, they also differ in important ways.
For example, although Job Network and Job Services Australia included graduated support for more severely disadvantaged jobseekers, this was removed from the Remote Jobs and Communities Program and Community Development Programme.
Funding for broader community development (to create more jobs) that existed under the Remote Jobs and Communities Program was also dramatically reduced under the Community Development Programme.
, including program providers, participants, Indigenous leaders, and academics, have this approach the challenges involved in improving remote employment.
For example, employment programs haven’t adequately addressed structural barriers to gaining employment, such as the and the long term effects of poorer attainment, health and well-being.
Nevertheless, robust evidence concerning outcomes and impacts of these recent programs is scarce.
Evaluations of and were undertaken, but they were not independent, and had methodological problems.
This meant they could not reliably distinguish program effects from other factors that may have also influenced results. Even so, the evaluations only uncovered minimal evidence of positive outcomes.
The subsequent program – the (2013–2015) – was not evaluated at all.
More harm than good?
The Community Development Programme (2015–present) has been subject to a number of reviews, including by the and the .
These reviews, and other and , have pointed to anecdotal evidence the Community Development Programme has caused harm.
For example, inflexible program rules have resulted in being imposed. This has hurt income stability and for some jobseekers, many of whom are already living in circumstances of disadvantage.
An independent evaluation of the Community Development Programme is currently . However, despite the evaluation being planned for completion in , no findings have been publicly released.
The Community Development Programme evaluation design was only developed and signed off between after the program was implemented (rather than forming part of the program design).
This contradicts for evaluation in Indigenous affairs. There was also no consideration of the initial design by an evaluation .
According to the , the evaluation is supposed to “assess early signs of impact and explore what works for who and in what circumstances”.
However, aside from some information regarding the of being used, the exact methods used in the evaluation are unclear.
In particular, it’s how or whether the evaluation will be able to isolate the impacts of the Community Development Programme.
A is planned to replace the Community Development Programme from 1 February 2019. Ideally, the evaluation findings would have been available to inform ongoing consultation.
But most of this consultation has now already taken place.
The Commonwealth government has to improving the evidence base in Indigenous affairs. It has highlighted the importance of achieving greater in the public release of evaluation reports (in line with similar calls ) and also made moves to appoint an to the Productivity Commission.
These are positive steps. But the Commonwealth must hold itself to the same standards as it seeks to hold others.
Rigorous, well designed evaluation is important in informing future policy-making, and developing a stronger evidence base for strategies that hold true potential for closing the remote employment gap. Monitoring and evaluation are also important for ensuring programs intended to reduce disadvantage do not, instead, exacerbate it.
