TRANSCRIPT
It could be the vintage bottle of wine you bought for a discount online diluted with grape juice.
Or there could be nothing natural about your saffron, its signature shade a result of cheap, synthetic colourants.
Or maybe the king prawns you shelled out for at a local restaurant, could, according to one U-S-study, be the result of added jelly-like substances.
Senaka Ranadheera is an Associate Professor in Food Science at the University of Melbourne.
He says adulteration, or dilution, is among the most common forms of food fraud, a problem on the rise worldwide - and in Australia.
"Adulteration is very common, where you dilute your product using low quality materials, for example you can dilute wine in lower-grade fruit juices, or adding water to milk. It can be as simple as that, and also sometimes very complex, and also deadly."
In 2008 in China, six babies died and an estimated 300,000 became unwell after it was found the toxic industrial chemical melamine, which makes a product's protein content appear higher, was added to dairy milk.
Professor Ranadheera has identified seven kinds of food fraud, many of which can also bring serious health risks to consumers.
Besides adulteration, they include tampering and mislabelling, over-production beyond manufacturing agreements, theft, diversion outside a product's intended market - like when U-N-distributed aid is sold for profit - and counterfeit products.
He says for governments, legitimate producers and consumers alike, 21st-century supply chains can make it hard to keep track - but buying local is always a good idea.
"One of the main reasons for food frauds is our food systems are very complex now - especially, the food chains, food supply chains are very fast, very long, so there are some blindspots that we cannot strictly regulate, so if you buy local, and also trusted vendors, that's a way that you can sort of minimise [the risks]. And also, it's really important to look for any possible tampering."
Australia had its own food fraud health scare in 2018, when sewing needles were found inserted in strawberries in Queensland and Western Australia, some reportedly purchased in major supermarkets.
Although some of the 186 cases nationally are now believed to have been hoaxes, brands can still suffer massive reputational damage.
A 2021 report by AgriFutures found food fraud was costing producers globally around $40 to 50 billion a year, and $2 to 3 billion in Australia alone, without accounting for the vast scale of undetected fraud.
Associate Professor in Food Microbiology at U-N-S-W in Sydney Julian Cox says there is not a lot consumers without expert knowledge of a product can do to detect food fraud.
But he says the Australian food industries which are vulnerable to fraud - like meat and seafood - are leading the world in using increasingly advanced, genetic detection methods.
"They're using a range of sophisticated chemical methods, or even molecular methods, to give this very fine fingerprint to foods. And they really can identify foods down to, for instance, even the part of a waterway in which seafood might be produced, so it's not just whether it's produced in one country or another, but even in a country like Australia, what state has it come from, what river or bay has it come from based on these molecular signatures."
For some products, like spices, it can be difficult to guarantee the authenticity of a product with a long supply chain.
In 2017, Hoyt's Food paid a $10,800 dollar fine issued by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission after its oregano products were found to be less than 50 per cent actual oregano.
And wine adulteration is a story as old as time - both the Ancient Greeks and Romans had laws around the use of flavourings and colourings.
Much more recently, Australian wine producer Penfolds has been targeted by criminal groups, with counterfeit operations discovered in China in 2017 - with police seizing 14,000 bottles - as well as in Cambodia.
Professor Ranadheera says luxury products are more likely to be affected.
"Highly valuable products are more vulnerable for food fraud. For example, some of the alcoholic beverages, like wine, and also things like caviar, some high-value spices, and also oil, and honey as well."
The global honey industry has become so notorious for fraud - from dilution with cane syrup, to counterfeit Manuka the phrase "honey-laundering" is often used.
But both Professor Ranadheera and Professor Cox say that by global standards, Australia is one of the best countries for food safety, although a healthy scepticism about a food's origins is always good.
Professor Ranadheera recommends checking barcodes and expiration dates for any signs of tampering, and reporting anything to the food safety authorities in your state.
And Professor Cox says if a price looks too good to be true, it probably is.
"Really anyone, even a professor like me, can be fooled for instance into buying a piece of fish that is given a certain name up on the board or on the package, and really not necessarily getting what I'm paying for. If we think that we're able to suddenly buy Wagyu beef at $10 a kilo, clearly that's likely to be fraudulent."
