President Xi Jinping hailed China's "irreversible" course from colonial humiliation to great-power status at the centenary celebrations for the Chinese Communist Party on Thursday, in a speech reaching deep into history to remind patriots at home and rivals abroad of his nation's - and his own - ascendancy.
Speaking above the giant portrait of Mao Zedong which dominates Tiananmen Square, from the podium where the famous chairman proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949, Mr Xi said the "era of China being bullied is gone forever", praising the party for raising incomes and restoring national pride.
Drawing a line from the subjugation of the Opium Wars to the struggle to establish a socialist revolution in China, Mr Xi said the party had brought about "national rejuvenation" lifting tens of millions from poverty and "altered the landscape of world development".
Mr Xi, wearing a Mao-style jacket, added that the "great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical course" and vowed to continue to build a "world-class" military to defend national interests.
President Xi Jinping is seen on the big screen during the speech Source: Kydpl Kyodo
"The Chinese people will never allow any foreign forces to bully, oppress, or enslave us," Mr Xi said in his speech, to great applause.
"Whoever wants to do so will face bloodshed in front of a Great Wall of steel built by more than 1.4 billion Chinese people."
On the self-ruled island of Taiwan - which Beijing views as part of its territory - Mr Xi was unflinching as he called for the "complete reunification of the motherland".
"All sons and daughters of China, including compatriots on both sides of the strait, must work together and move forward in solidarity, and resolutely crush any 'Taiwan independence' plots," he said.
In the summer of 1921 Mao and a clutch of Marxist-Leninist thinkers in Shanghai founded the Communist Party, which has since morphed into one of the world's most powerful political organisations.
It now counts around 95 million members, garnered over a century of war, famine and turmoil, and more recently a surge to superpower status butting up against Western rivals, led by the United States.
In a ceremony of pomp and patriotism, thousands of singers, backed by a marching band, belted out stirring choruses including "Without the Communist Party there would be no New China" as maskless invitees cheered and waved flags in a packed Tiananmen Square.
A fly-by of helicopters in formation spelling '100' - a giant hammer and sickle flag trailing - and a 100-gun salute followed, while young communists in unison pledged allegiance to the party.
Helicopters fly over Tiananmen Square during a ceremony to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party. Source: Yomiuri Shimbun
Power, popularity and purges
Mr Xi has presented a defiant face to overseas rivals, revving up nationalist sentiment.
He has batted back criticism of his government's actions in Hong Kong, attitude towards Taiwan and treatment of the Uighurs Muslims.
He has purged rivals and crushed dissent - from the Uyghurs and online critics to pro-democracy protests on Hong Kong's streets.
The president, whose speech braided the economic miracle of China with the longevity of the party, has cemented his eight-year rule through a personality cult, ending presidential term limits and declining to anoint a successor.
And the party has pivoted to new challenges; using tech to renew its appeal to younger generations - 12.55 million members are now aged 30 or younger - while giving a communist finish to a consumer economy decorated by billionaire entrepreneurs.
On Beijing's streets, there was praise for the party.
A woman films a large video screen outside a shopping mall showing Chinese President Xi Jinping speaking. Source: AP
A man surnamed Wang, 42, said: "When I was a child there was a blackout for one hour every night and electricity shortages."
"Now the streets are full of light. Food, clothes, education, traffic are all better."
While the president did not mention himself in the speech, "it is quite clear that much of the credit for China's success belongs to Xi", said Willie Lam, China analyst at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Party time?
In its 100th year, the party has delivered a selective version of history through films, "red tourism" campaigns and books, which dance over the mass violence of the Cultural Revolution, famines and the 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown.
Instead, it has drawn attention to China's rebound from COVID-19, which first emerged in the central city of Wuhan but has been virtually extinguished inside the country.
But reminders linger of the risks to stability.
Thursday also marks the 24th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to Chinese rule - a date once met with mass demonstrations against Beijing inside the former British colony.
One year ago, China imposed a draconian national security law on the city in response to huge, often violent, pro-democracy protests.
The measure has seen activists charged, anti-China slogans criminalised and even the closure of a critical newspaper as the law sinks the once freewheeling city into what Amnesty International calls a "human rights emergency".
Four activists marched with a banner near the official anniversary reception Thursday - tailed by 200 police officers, a fraction of the thousands deployed across the city to deter pro-democracy groups from mobilising.
"The CCP can go to hell," a Hong Konger who gave his name only as Ken said.
"Anything that's worthwhile, they destroy."
