Palestinian militant group Hamas uses a global financing network to funnel support from charities and friendly nations, passing cash through Gaza tunnels or using cryptocurrencies to bypass international sanctions, according to experts and officials.
However, Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, will face even more obstacles accessing funds after .
Israel has responded with the heaviest bombardment of Gaza in 75 years of conflict.
Earlier this week, Israeli police said they froze a Barclays bank account the authorities said was linked to Hamas fundraising and blocked cryptocurrency accounts used to gather donations, without specifying how many accounts or the value of the assets.
The move provided a glimpse of a complex financial web, some legitimate, much hidden, that underpins , and its government in the Gaza Strip, which it has run since 2007.
Hamas’ stated aim is to establish a Palestinian state, while refusing to recognise Israel’s right to exist.
Matthew Levitt, a former US official specialising in counterterrorism, estimated the bulk of Hamas' budget of more than US$300 million ($472 million) came from taxes on business, as well as from countries including Iran and Qatar or charities.
Last February, the US State Department said Hamas raises funds in other Gulf countries and gets donations from Palestinians, other expatriates and its own charities.
Hamas has run the Gaza Strip since 2007, after a brief civil war with forces loyal to the Fatah movement led by Mahmoud Abbas. Credit: Wissam Nassar
In the past, Hamas has said financial restrictions placed on its donors were an attempt to neutralise legitimate resistance against Israel.
Hamas, in its entirety, is designated as a terrorist organisation by countries including Australia, Canada, the UK and the US. Some countries list only its military wing as a terrorist group.
To evade mounting international restrictions caused by these designations, Hamas has increasingly used cryptocurrencies, credit cards or contrived trade deals, Levitt said.
"Hamas has been one of the more successful users of crypto for the financing of terrorism," said Tom Robinson, co-founder of blockchain research firm Elliptic.
However, this year Hamas said it would back away from crypto, after a spate of losses. Cryptocurrency's ledger system can make such transactions traceable.
Blockchain researchers TRM Labs said this week in a research note that crypto fundraising has previously increased following rounds of violence involving Hamas.
After fighting in May 2021, Hamas-controlled crypto addresses received more than US$400,000 ($629,000), TRM Labs said.
However, since last weekend's violence, prominent Hamas-linked support groups had moved just a few thousand dollars through crypto, TRM noted.
"One likely reason for the low donation volume is that Israeli authorities are targeting them immediately," TRM said, adding that Israel had seized cryptocurrency worth "tens of millions of dollars" from Hamas-linked addresses in recent years.
Between December 2021 and April this year, Israel seized almost 190 crypto accounts it said were linked to Hamas.
Ships and shells
Whether through crypto or other means, Hamas' allies have found ways to get money to Gaza.
The US State Department has said that Iran provides up to US$100 million ($158 million) annually in support to Palestinian groups including Hamas, and has cited methods of moving the money through shell companies, shipping transactions and precious metals.
Iranian authorities did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
By last year, Hamas had established a secret network of companies managing $500 million ($787 million) of investments in companies from Türkiye to Saudi Arabia, the US Treasury has said, announcing sanctions on the firms in May 2022.
Israel has long accused Iran's clerical rulers of stoking violence by supplying arms to Hamas. Tehran, which does not recognise Israel, .
Backing the Palestinian cause has been a pillar of the Islamic Republic since the 1979 revolution and a way for the country to fashion itself as a leader of the Muslim world.
, at one point spending $30 million per month to help operate the enclave's sole power plant and to support needy families and public servants in the Hamas-run government.
"Qatari aid provides 100 dollars to the poorest Palestinian families and extends the period of electricity during a day in Gaza," a Qatari official said in response to a request for government comment, adding that it had helped "maintain stability and quality of life for ... Palestinian families".
Qatar walks a foreign policy tightrope, hosting the region's largest US military base, the Taliban and other groups, often allowing it to mediate.
Qatari funding for Hamas passes via Israel
Qatar's funding for Gaza actually passes through Israel, a source familiar with the process said.
The funds are transferred electronically from Qatar to Israel. Israeli and UN officials hand-carry cash over the border to Gaza.
The cash is distributed directly to needy families and public servants in Gaza and each family or individual must sign next to their name that they've received the cash.
One copy of that sheet goes to Israel, one goes to the UN and one goes to Qatar.
A source close to Hamas in Gaza recently told Reuters that the group had a military academy training a range of specialisations including cyber security and boasts a naval commando unit among its 40,000-strong military wing. Source: AP / Khalil Hamra
In recent years, Qatar bought fuel from Israel for Gaza's sole power station. It also sent Egyptian fuel that Hamas can resell, using the proceeds for salaries.
Stephen Reimer of the think tank Royal United Services Institute predicted fresh attempts to fully restrict the group's access to formal financial channels would have limited success.
"Their financing tactics have grown to circumvent these," Reimer said.
