The pandemic has many parents asking two burning questions: First, when can I get a vaccine? And second, when can my kids get it?
It may come as a surprise that the answers are not the same. Adults may be able to get a vaccine by next year. But their kids will have to wait longer. Perhaps a lot longer.
A number of COVID-19 vaccines for adults are already in advanced clinical trials. But no trials have yet begun in the United States to determine whether these vaccines are safe and effective for children.
“Right now I’m pretty worried that we won’t have a vaccine available for kids by the start of next school year,” said Dr Evan Anderson, a paediatrician at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and a professor at the Emory University School of Medicine.
On Friday, Dr Anderson and his colleagues published a commentary in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases in which they called for vaccine makers to get their act together. They titled it, 'Warp Speed for COVID-19 Vaccines: Why are Children Stuck in Neutral?'
The search for a COVID-19 vaccine started as soon as researchers isolated the virus in January.
Teams of developers across the world began creating vaccines based on different techniques. For example, some used inactivated coronaviruses that stimulated the immune system to make its own antibodies; others delivered viral genes into the body, triggering immune cells into action.
Once they were ready to test those vaccines, they started down a well-worn path of rigorous protocols developed over decades to determine if a vaccine is safe and effective.
Vaccines require especially strict tests because they’re fundamentally different from drugs, which are intended for a limited number of people who are sick with some particular disease. Vaccines, on the other hand, are given to millions of healthy people to prevent them from getting sick in the first place.
After testing a vaccine on animals, developers start clinical trials on people. These trials come in three phases, going from small to large. Phase 1 and 2 trials let vaccine developers figure out which dose will likely be safest, while also delivering the best immune protection.
Phase 3 trials, the last stage in vaccine testing, are carried out on thousands or tens of thousands of volunteers. It’s during these studies that scientists can get clear evidence that a vaccine protects people from a disease. They can also reveal side effects that were missed by smaller studies.
Many vaccines - including ones for measles, polio and tetanus - were designed from the outset to be given to children. In such cases, vaccine developers would typically start with trials in adults to check for any significant safety issues.
Only if researchers discovered no serious side effects would they start testing them in children, often beginning with teenagers, then working their way down to younger ages.
Blood samples from volunteers participating in a phase three vaccine trial at the University of Miami. Source: AAP
Vaccine developers are keenly aware that children are not simply miniature adults. Their biology is different in ways that may affect the way vaccines work. Because their airways are smaller, for example, they can be vulnerable to low levels of inflammation that might be harmless to an adult.
These trials allow vaccine developers to adjust the dose to achieve the best immune protection with the lowest risk of side effects. The doses that adults and children need are sometimes different - children get smaller doses of hepatitis B vaccines, for example, but bigger doses for pertussis.
This process has proved safe and tremendously successful. In recent decades, childhood vaccines have saved millions of lives. Just expanding access to the measles vaccine alone led to a 78 per cent decline in mortality between 2000 and 2008, preventing an estimated 12.7 million deaths worldwide.
In the past, the testing needed for the US Food and Drug Administration approval on a vaccine might have taken a decade or more. In recent years, researchers have pinpointed ways to accelerate their development while not sacrificing the research necessary to demonstrate they are safe and effective.
When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, some vaccine makers figured out how to combine phases, gathering more data in the same period of time. Governments and philanthropic organisations offered support for expensive clinical trials and for building factories to produce vaccines that had yet to prove themselves.
The result has been an unprecedented and swift march toward a vaccine. Just nine months into the pandemic, at least 38 COVID-19 vaccines have reached clinical trials, with dozens more slated to start in the months to come.
By the summer the earliest vaccines to go into clinical trials delivered promising results. The vaccines didn’t cause any serious side effects in the volunteers and produced promising levels of antibodies. At that point, they moved into Phase 3 trials.
Dr Anderson said that vaccine makers could have started running trials for children over the summer in the US, as soon as they had gotten good Phase 2 results from adults. But that did not happen. And with autumn around the corner, that still hasn’t happened.
Whenever these trials do start, it could take upward of a year to get vaccines for COVID-19 ready for children.
Vaccine makers will need to write protocols and get them approved by the FDA. They’ll need to recruit volunteers - a process that is more time consuming for paediatric vaccines since parents must give informed consent. Getting to the first injections could take a couple of months.
By necessity, the trials would have to start small, with researchers giving perhaps just half a dozen kids a low dose of the vaccine and then monitoring them for several days. Then the trial could expand to dozens and then hundreds of kids.
There were good reasons behind the early focus on adults. Children are far less likely to die from COVID-19. On Friday, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention issued a report which concluded that, of more than 190,000 people who died in the United States with COVID-19, only 121 were younger than 21. Likewise, the rate of hospitalisation in children younger than 18 is 20 times lower than it is in adults.
“As it stands, children are not a high-risk group,” said Dr Paul Offit, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a member of the FDA’s vaccine advisory panel who was not involved with the new commentary.
“Given limited time and resources to do these trials, I can understand why the initial focus is on those more than 18 years of age.”
Dr Offit thought a reasonable time to start children’s trials might be after the first batch of approved vaccines rolls out for health care workers and other high-risk groups - perhaps in early 2021.
Dr Kristin Oliver, a paediatrician and vaccine specialist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, also thought that trials for children should wait - at least until one or more vaccines successfully pass Phase 3 trials.
“We don’t know which one will make it through,” she said. “I’m super excited about a safe and effective vaccine, but I keep my excitement in check.”
But Dr Anderson and his colleagues don’t want to wait so long. In their commentary, they said that Phase 2 trials on children “should begin now".
They argued that even if a few hundred children die of COVID-19, those are deaths that could have been avoided with a vaccine.
What’s more, there is a lot that doctors are learning about the impact of this new virus on children. In May, they discovered it can lead to an entirely new disease, called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, or MIS-C for short. Other long-term impacts of the virus on children remain to be seen.
AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Moderna and Pfizer all said that they were looking ahead toward developing a childhood vaccine.
“Moderna agrees with the importance and urgency associated with paediatric clinical trials for vaccines against COVID-19,” Ray Jordan, a spokesman for the company, said in an email.
“We plan to start paediatric trials in the near future, subject to regulatory approval.”
Amy Rose, a spokeswoman for Pfizer, said the company is “actively working with regulators on a potential paediatric study plan to address the burden of disease in paediatric populations younger than 16".
Scott Morrison tours the Astra Zeneca laboratories after signing an agreement with them to produce the Oxford University COVID-19 vaccine if it is successful. Source: AAP
Dr Anderson considered these statements as little more than vague promises and no substitute for real steps toward a paediatric vaccine.
“In the meanwhile we are stuck in neutral with ongoing deaths and disease in children,” he said.
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