Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan vented his outrage Wednesday at a "disgusting" cartoon in the French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo depicting him looking up a woman's skirt while drinking beer in his underpants.
Mr Erdogan's office vowed to take "legal and diplomatic action" while Turkey's NTV television said Ankara had also summoned the second-most senior diplomat at the French embassy to express its "strong condemnation".
Under normal circumstances, France's ambassador would have been summoned, but he has been recalled to Paris for consultations in a further sign of the deteriorating diplomatic relations between the two NATO allies.
The front-cover Charlie Hebdo cartoon came out just days after Mr Erdogan called for a boycott of French products and questioned President Emmanuel Macron's sanity for promoting a drive against Islamic extremism.
Mr Macron's defence of the media's right to mock religion - as exemplified by Charlie Hebdo's blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed - has stirred angry protests across Turkey and swathes of the Muslim world
Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei on Wednesday became the latest Islamic figure to criticise the French president, saying his defence of cartoons of the prophet was a "stupid act" and an "insult" to those who voted for him.
"Ask (Macron) why he supports insulting God's messenger in the name of freedom of expression. Does freedom of expression mean insulting, especially a sacred personage?" Khamenei said in a message to "French youth" on his official website.
Mr Erdogan said he had not personally seen the Charlie Hebdo caricature because he did not want to "give credit to such immoral publications."
"I don't need to say anything to those scoundrels who insult my beloved prophet on such a scale," Mr Erdogan said in a speech to his party's politicians.
"I am sad and frustrated not because of this disgusting attack on me personally, but because of the impertinence taking aim at our prophet we love more than ourselves."
A file photo of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan (L) and French President Emmanuel Macron (R). Source: AAP
Turkey is a mostly Muslim but officially secular country that has taken a more conservative and nationalist course under Mr Erdogan's rule.
'Vicious and ugly'
Mr Macron's defence of Charlie Hebdo's right to publish drawings of the prophet, which is forbidden under Islam, came after the brutal murder on October 16 of a school teacher who had shown cartoons to pupils during a class discussion about freedom of speech.
The magazine was also targeted by jihadists in a 2015 massacre that killed 12 people, including some of its most famous cartoonists.
Turkish officials accuse Mr Macron of unfairly targeting Muslims and cultivating a culture that encourages Charlie Hebdo to use its right to offend.
Over the last week, protests and rallies have taken place in many Muslim-majority countries to denounce Mr Macron.
Tens of thousands marched Tuesday through the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka.
In Syria, protesters burned pictures of Mr Macron and French flags, while others rallied across the Indian city of Mumbai and parts of the Gaza Strip on Wednesday.
"If the statesmen of Europe want peace and stability in their countries, they must honour the dignity of Muslims, respecting their values," protester Ozgur Bursali said at a rally outside the French embassy in the Turkish capital Ankara.
Pakistan's Prime Minister Imran Khan on Wednesday wrote to the leaders of Muslim countries calling on them to act together against Islamophobia, while a leading Kuwaiti supermarket chain said that most of its stores had stripped their shelves of French products.
EU sanctions?
But Mr Macron has been staunchly defended by fellow European leaders and he drew support from India on Wednesday under Hindu nationalist Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
"We strongly deplore the personal attacks in unacceptable language on President Emmanuel Macron in violation of the most basic standards of international discourse," said a statement from the Indian foreign ministry.
French government spokesman Gabriel Attal said his country "will never renounce its principles and values" in regard to media freedom and fight against Islamic extremism.
France on Wednesday officially shut down a group called Barakacity that it blames for inciting hate and justifying terrorist acts.
Mr Erdogan's policies have put Turkey at growing odds with the European Union and Mr Macron has become one of Turkish leader's most vocal critics.
The two statesmen have sparred over the eastern Mediterranean as well as Turkey's policies across the Middle East and - most recently - in the war between Azerbaijani and Armenian separatist forces in Nagorno-Karabakh.
France's European Affairs Minister Clement Beaune said that Paris would "push for strong European responses, which include sanctions" over Mr Erdogan's series of "provocations."
