Smartphone and social media overload may be contributing to teenage angst, new research suggests.
Teens who spend large amounts of time glued to phone and computer screens are markedly less happy than those who prefer "real world" activities, a study has found.
Psychologists in the US analysed data from the Monitoring the Future longitudinal study, a major survey looking at the lives of more than a million young people.
They found playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting were all associated with less happiness.
Adolescents who invested more time in non-screen activities such as playing sport, reading newspapers and face-to-face social interaction were significantly happier.
Lead scientist Professor Jean Twenge, from San Diego State University, said: "Although this study can't show causation, several other studies have shown that more social media use leads to unhappiness, but unhappiness does not lead to more social media use."
The trend was reflected in historical records since the 1990s, said the researchers, whose findings appear in the journal Emotion.
Over time, the increasing proliferation of screen devices coincided with a general decline in reported happiness among American teenagers.
The life satisfaction, self-esteem and happiness of young people in the US plummeted after 2012, the year when the proportion of Americans owning a smartphone rose above 50 per cent.
"By far the largest change in teens' lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the subsequent decline in in-person social activities and sleep," said Prof Twenge.
"The advent of the smartphone is the most plausible explanation for the sudden decrease in teens' psychological wellbeing."
Total screen abstinence was not a recipe for happiness either, the study found.
The happiest teenagers were those who used digital media a little less than an hour a day.
After a daily hour of screen time, levels of unhappiness rose steadily.
