Russia's Supreme Court has ordered the closure of Memorial, the country's most prominent human rights group that chronicled Stalin-era purges and symbolised post-Soviet democratisation, sparking an international outcry.
The Tuesday court ruling against Memorial International, the group's central structure, caps a year that began with the jailing of President Vladimir Putin's top critic Alexei Navalny and saw a historic crackdown on rights groups and independent media.
But the ban against Memorial stands out even in the current climate and would have been unimaginable just a few years ago.
Judge Alla Nazarova ordered the closure of Memorial International and its regional branches after prosecutors accused the organisation of failing to mark its publications with a label of "foreign agent", the tag for groups that receive funds from overseas.
"Disgrace! Disgrace!" supporters shouted in court after the ruling.
Prosecutors also accused Memorial International of denigrating the memory of the Soviet Union and its victories and rehabilitating "Nazi criminals".
Russia's Supreme Court judge Alla Nazarova has orderered the closure of Memorial International Source: AFP
During Tuesday's hearing a prosecutor said Memorial "creates a false image of the USSR as a terrorist state and denigrates the memory of World War II".
The court decision is the hardest blow yet to the organisation founded in 1989 by Soviet dissidents including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Andrei Sakharov. The ruling came after Mr Putin accused the group of advocating for "terrorist and extremist organisations".
In a statement on Tuesday evening, Memorial International said it would appeal and find "legal ways" to continue its work.
"Memorial is not an organisation, it is not even a social movement," the statement said. "Memorial is the need of the citizens of Russia to know the truth about its tragic past, about the fate of many millions of people."
'Devastating news'
The court ruling sparked an international backlash, with US ambassador John Sullivan calling it "a blatant and tragic attempt to suppress freedom of expression and erase history."
"The dissolution of Memorial International is a terrible loss for the Russian people," French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said, adding the decision was "deeply worrying for the future of historical research and the defence of human rights in Russia."
Germany called the court's decision "more than incomprehensible" and said it went against international obligations to protect fundamental civil rights.
Marija Pejcinovic Buric, secretary-general of the Council of Europe, said Russia appeared to be moving "further away from our common European standards and values."
"The liquidation of International Memorial is devastating news for civil society in the Russian Federation," she said.
Memorial is not an organisation, it is not even a social movement. Memorial is the need of the citizens of Russia to know the truth about its tragic past, about the fate of many millions of people. Memorial International
Dozens of supporters gathered outside the courthouse in freezing temperatures and several people were detained.
Memorial is a loose structure of locally registered organisations, with Memorial International maintaining the network's extensive archives in Moscow and coordinating its work.
The group has spent years cataloguing atrocities committed in the Soviet Union, especially in the notorious network of prison camps, the Gulag.
Supporters say its closure signals the end of an era in Russia's post-Soviet democratisation process, which began 30 years ago this month.
'Tragedy for Russia'
Author Leonid Bakhnov, whose grandfather was executed at the peak of Stalin-era purges in 1937, said the group's closure was "a tragedy for Russia".
"What a wonderful New Year they arranged for us," he said bitterly.
Memorial's founders have denied any serious violations, saying only an insignificant number of documents may have been missing the "foreign agent" tag.
Tuesday's hearing was one of two cases brought against the group. Prosecutors have also demanded a court close Memorial's Human Rights Centre, accusing it of condoning "terrorism and extremism" in addition to breaches of the "foreign agent" legislation.
On Wednesday, a Moscow court will hold a new hearing in that case.
Memorial's Human Rights Centre has campaigned for the rights of political prisoners, migrants and other marginalised groups, and highlighted abuses, especially in the turbulent North Caucasus region that includes Chechnya.
Political analyst Anton Orekh said the closure of Memorial was akin to the "public justification of Stalin purges."
"The consequences for the present and the future of our country will be catastrophic," he added.
Auschwitz Memorial said on Twitter: "A power that is afraid of memory will never be able to achieve democratic maturity."
On Monday, a court in the northwestern city of Petrozavodsk increased by two years a 13-year prison sentence for the head of Memorial in Karelia, Yury Dmitriyev, in a sex abuse case his supporters call punishment for his work.
Separately, Mr Navalny's team said the authorities had detained the heads of his now-dismantled offices in the Siberian regions of Irkutsk and Tomsk.
