The further escalation in Washington's war of words with Pyongyang came a day after Trump stunned the world with a bold-faced message to Kim, saying his country faced "fire and fury like the world has never seen."
Those comments triggered expressions of concern from China as well as from US allies, and stock markets and the dollar have slipped as investors seek safe-haven investments.
Defense Secretary James Mattis, who has often emphasized the devastating costs any conflict with North Korea could have, delivered a statement underscoring his boss's language.
Mattis said North Korea must stop isolating itself and "stand down" in its pursuit of nuclear weapons, and Pyongyang "should cease any consideration of actions that would lead to the end of its regime and the destruction of its people."
The Pentagon chief also said North Korea's nascent missile capabilities were "grossly overmatched" by those of the US, and that Pyongyang would lose in any arms race or conflict.
Trump earlier boasted on Twitter that America's nuclear arsenal was "far stronger and more powerful than ever before," after North Korea said it was considering a missile strike near the tiny US Pacific territory of Guam.
"Hopefully we will never have to use this power, but there will never be a time that we are not the most powerful nation in the world!" Trump tweeted.
Amid reports that Trump's comments had taken his inner circle by surprise, White House spokeswoman Sarah Huckabee Sanders said the National Security Council and other officials knew the "president was going to respond... with a strong message in no uncertain terms."
Still, Trump's tone was at odds with that of Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, who said he did not believe "there is any imminent threat" to Guam or other US targets, and expressed hope that diplomatic pressure would prevail in the crisis.
State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert the Trump administration was all on "the same page."
"The president is sending a strong message to North Korea in the kind of language that North Korea understands," she said.
'Nowhere to run'
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said he was deeply concerned about the tensions on the Korean Peninsula and was troubled by the increase in confrontational rhetoric.
"The Secretary-General welcomes all initiatives that will help to de-escalate tensions and result in a return to diplomacy," said his spokesman Stephane Dujarric.
Trump's language has become increasingly hard-edged since Pyongyang carried out a pair of successful intercontinental ballistic missile tests (ICBM) in July, which put the US mainland in range for the first time.
Pyongyang's KCNA state news agency reported Wednesday that plans were being drawn up for missile strikes against Guam that could be put into action at "any moment" after Kim gave the order.
Tillerson, who refueled in Guam while flying home from Southeast Asia, said Trump was determined to send an unequivocal message to Kim.
"Because he doesn't seem to understand diplomatic language," he said.
Bishop backs Tillerson on Trump threat
Foreign Minister Julie Bishop has played down Donald Trump's threatening words to North Korea, after the US President threatened Pyongyang with "fire and fury".
Ms Bishop echoed Secretary of State Rex Tillerson's claim the President was speaking in language that Kim Jong-un could understand, because clearly he didn't understand diplomatic language.
"The United States is entitled to defend itself and its ally, but the strategy is to force North Korea, through diplomatic and economic means, to stop its illegal ballistic missiles and nuclear weapons programs," she told the Nine Network on Thursday.
Guam's governor Eddie Calvo reassured residents there was currently no threat to the territory, which has a total population of more than 160,000 and houses two US military installations.
In the capital Hagatna, islanders kept their cool.
"It's not like there's anything we can do anyway. This is a small island. There's nowhere to run to," resident James Cruz said AFP.
Rapid progress
Joseph DeTrani, a former special envoy for stalled "six-party" talks aimed at reining in Pyongyang's nuclear program, told AFP it was vital to get back to the negotiating table.
"The possibility of miscalculation or stumbling into something that would be catastrophic is real," he told AFP.
Experts have long differed over the North's exact capabilities but all agree it has made rapid progress under Kim.
Last month, Pyongyang carried out its first two successful ICBM launches, the first -- described by Kim as a gift to "American bastards" -- showing it could reach Alaska, and the second extending its range even further, with some experts suggesting New York could be vulnerable.
On Tuesday, The Washington Post reported that intelligence officials think North Korea now has "nuclear weapons for ballistic missile delivery" -- including by its ICBMs.
Bu the North's current ability to launch an accurate nuclear strike remains open to question, with analysts suggesting it has yet to overcome major technical hurdles.
US officials have repeatedly said military action was an "option on the table," though Tillerson said nothing had "dramatically changed" in the military equation.
The UN Security Council unanimously approved a series of sanctions over the weekend which could cost North Korea $1 billion a year, with even the regime's main ally China voting for the US-drafted proposal.
While the sanctions vote was seen as a diplomatic triumph for the US, there is widespread unease about the ramping up in tensions.
The North's main ally China warned against "words and actions" that would stoke tensions, while Germany said it was watching the "increasing rhetorical escalation" with concern.
France meanwhile praised Trump's "determination" in standing up to Pyongyang.
