Israel's parliament on Thursday adopted a law defining the country as the nation state of the Jewish people, provoking fears it could lead to discrimination against Arab citizens.
Arab lawmakers and Palestinians called the law "racist" and said it legalised "apartheid" following a tumultuous debate in parliament.
The legislation, adopted by 62 votes to 55, makes Hebrew the country's national language and defines the establishment of Jewish communities as being in the national interest.
Arabic, previously considered an official language, was granted only special status.
The law, passed in the early hours of Thursday, speaks of Israel as the Jewish historical homeland and says Jews have the right to self-determination there.
However, a deeply controversial clause that had been seen as more specifically legalising the establishment of Jewish-only communities was changed after it drew criticism, including from Israeli President Reuven Rivlin.
The legislation becomes part of the country's basic laws, which serve as a de facto constitution.
"It is a decisive moment in the history of the state of Israel that inscribes in stone our language, our anthem and our flag," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said after the vote on the legislation, backed by his right-wing government.
'Death of democracy'
A range of opposition politicians denounced the vote. The head of the mainly Arab Joint List alliance Ayman Odeh called it "the death of our democracy".
Arab parliament members who called the legislation "racist" ripped up copies of the bill in the chamber of the Knesset, Israel's parliament, after it was passed.
Arab citizens account for some 17.5 per cent of Israel's more than eight million population. They have long complained of discrimination.
Saeb Erekat, secretary-general of the Palestine Liberation Organisation, called it a "dangerous and racist law" that "officially legalises apartheid and legally defines Israel as an apartheid system".
The sponsor of the law, Avi Dichter from Netanyahu's Likud party, has said the law aims to defend Israel's "status as a Jewish and democratic state."
Various versions of the legislation have been debated for years.
Netanyahu's government, seen as the most right-wing in the country's history, had pushed for its approval before the parliament's summer session ends.
The law passed after the changing of a clause that would have allowed the state to "authorise a community composed of people having the same faith and nationality to maintain the exclusive character of that community".
Rivlin, whose role as president is mainly symbolic, had made a rare intervention in politics earlier this month to raise alarm over the clause.
The legislation "could harm the Jewish people worldwide and in Israel, and could even be used as a weapon by our enemies," he wrote in an open letter.
"Do we want to support the discrimination and exclusion of men and women based on their ethnic origin?"
