Well-meaning Western students who volunteer at orphanages are fuelling the abuse and trafficking of children, Harry Potter creator JK Rowling says.
Ms Rowling has launched a new campaign against what she has dubbed "voluntourism".
Propped up by donations and foreign aid, orphanages are a lucrative business and provide a home to millions of children, Ms Rowling said.
But at least eight in 10 children in orphanages have a living parent, often living in poverty, and many children are trafficked into care, according to Lumos, a children's charity founded by Ms Rowling.
"Some orphanages are set up literally to exploit children - in other words, the children are the bait for the foreign donations," Ms Rowling said at the One Young World youth summit.
Harry Potter author JK Rowling launches her campaign against exploitative foreign orphanages. Source: Press Association
"Often these young (travellers) will come away (from the orphanage) believing they did good and are appalled when the facts are laid out in front of them and they realise that they may have contributed to the perpetuation of abuse."
Extreme poverty, war and disaster all force families to give up children to orphanages, says Lumos, but most could be cared for by their families or home communities with enough support.
As she launched the #HelpingNotHelping campaign, Ms Rowling was joined by two young people who had been in care and who called for children like them to be kept with their families.
Ruth Wacuka, who grew up in an orphanage next to a giraffe sanctuary in Kenya, said she had witnessed foreign volunteers treating her orphanage as a tourist attraction.
"You can imagine how many people came to Africa to see the giraffes. So they would go to the giraffe centre and take photos of the giraffes; come to the orphanage and take photos of me. We should never let children look like tourist attractions," she said.
Eluxon Tassy, who was in care as a child in Haiti, said he had seen a stream of volunteers arriving with a promise of safety and love, only to leave and never be seen again.
The #HelpingNotHelping campaign is calling on businesses, schools and universities to stop donating to orphanages and ensure they do not promote or take part in orphanage trips.
Ms Rowling said young travellers should instead back projects that tackle poverty or support communities.
"If that money and that energy was repurposed into charities and projects that are supporting community services or families, we could solve this problem within decades," she said.
