In addition to smoking for most of her life, Madame Calment was also fond of Port wine and chocolate ( of chocolate a week). She’s not the only one. Studies have failed to find healthy lifestyle choices to be the common thing between centenarians. As Nir Barzilai, who studies healthy Jewish centenarians, : “It’s not the yogurt.”
Instead, scientists have discovered that longevity is prevalent in certain families and the focus is now on discovering the genes, or the DNA instructions, that favour a long, healthy life.
In animals like mice, flies and roundworms, scientists have discovered a remarkable impact of genes on the ageing process. Hundreds of tiny instructions in the genome have been found to regulate longevity. In nematode worms, a mutation on the daf-2 gene , but still healthy lifespan. In tiny roundworms, is a subtle change in the age-1 gene that extends lifespan ten-fold. If this could be applied to humans, it would mean people living more than 1,000 years.
Life-extension effects from genetic engineering, however, tend to be more modest in mammals, though there is still evidence of health benefits. In mice, mutating the , which is crucial for regulating growth and cell proliferation, results in dwarf animals that not only live 40% longer than normal but are protected from age-related diseases, like cancer, and exhibit a later onset of degenerative changes. In this example, it’s like the whole mammalian ageing process is retarded by changing a single gene.
Will longevity genes found in model organisms such as worms and mice be relevant to humans? We already know about human gene mutations that can modulate ageing in humans. So-called progeroid syndromes resemble accelerated ageing, and fascinating yet devastating diseases like Werner syndrome lead to patients who look and feel much older than their actual age and have an average lifespan of 47. Both result from subtle genetic mutations.
Studies have also focused on individuals with mutations in genes that have been associated with life-extension in rodents. People with a rare condition called Laron syndrome, who have a deficiency in the growth hormone receptor, are small and from cancer, which shows that genes regulating longevity in model organisms may at least lead to therapies against human age-related diseases.
We also know that the longevity of species is plastic and that genetic changes over long evolutionary periods of time can result in major increases in longevity. Some species like mice age very quickly, even under the best conditions in captivity, while others live longer than humans. Bowhead whales, for example, have been estimated to live to more than 200-years-old and some species of fish and turtles don’t even appear to grow old. . Scientists are trying to learn the secrets of these species in hope it will allow us to devise ways of living longer.
By 2050 the proportion of people aged over 60 in Britain will rise from 21% to almost 40%, making the improvement of life and health of older people imperative. There is not much we can do now to live longer, except follow motherly advice like not smoking, exercising regularly and having a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Vitamins and antioxidants have long been touted as capable of retarding ageing, but their only proven outcome is a very expensive urine. Still, it’s a progress from the first half of the 20th century when Serge Voronoff in France grafted tissues from monkey testicles into wealthy patients claiming this would rejuvenate them.
More recently, compounds have been found to extend lifespan in mice. The most famous of these is resveratrol, found in red wine. It only appears to extend lifespan rather than , however. And if you’re thinking of compensating the lack of exercise with more red wine, the human dosage would be more than 100 bottles of red wine per day.
Woody Allen quipped that: “You can live to be a hundred if you give up all the things that make you want to live to be a hundred.” Calment and other centenarians demonstrate that this is, in fact, not true. They also show that it is possible to live a long life with good health and remain mentally intact. We cannot choose our genes, but perhaps we can identify nutrients or even drugs that could provide the benefits of longevity genes to the many people who don’t have them. Ultimately, the goal is to allow people to live longer, healthier lives while enjoying everyday pleasures like Port wine and chocolate. And I’ll certainly drink to that.
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes receives funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Resource Council, the Wellcome Trust, the Marie Curie Actions within EC-FP7, the Life Extension Foundation, the Methuselah Foundation, the Ellison Medical Foundation and the Royal Society.
