Benjamin Netanyahu's record 12-year run as Israel's prime minister ended on Sunday with parliament approving a new "government of change" led by nationalist Naftali Bennett, an improbable scenario few Israelis once could have imagined.
But the razor-thin 60-59 vote of confidence in a coalition of left-wing, centrist, right-wing and Arab parties with little in common except a desire to unseat Mr Netanyahu, only underscored its likely fragility.
In Tel Aviv, thousands turned out to welcome the result, after four inconclusive elections in two years.
"I am here celebrating the end of an era in Israel," said Erez Biezuner in Rabin Square. "We want them to succeed and to unite us again," he added, as flag-waving supporters of the new government sang and danced around him.
But a combative Mr Netanyahu, 71, said he would be back sooner than expected. "If we are destined to go into the opposition, we will do so with our heads held high until we can topple it," he told parliament before Mr Bennett was sworn in.
The new government largely plans to avoid sweeping moves on hot-button international issues such as policy toward the Palestinians, and to focus instead on domestic reforms.
Palestinians were unmoved by the change of administration, predicting that Mr Bennett, a former defence chief who advocates annexing parts of the West Bank, would pursue the same right-wing agenda as Likud party leader Mr Netanyahu.
Under the coalition deal, Mr Bennett, a 49-year-old Orthodox Jew and high-tech millionaire, will be replaced as prime minister in 2023 by centrist Yair Lapid, 57, a popular former television host.
With his far-right Yamina party winning only six of parliament's 120 seats in the last election, Mr Bennett's ascension to the premiership was a political jaw-dropper.
Interrupted by non-stop shouts of "liar" and "shame" from Mr Netanyahu loyalists in parliament, Mr Bennett thanked the former prime minister for his "lengthy and achievement-filled service."
But little love has been lost between the two men: Mr Bennett once served as Mr Netanyahu's chief of staff and had a rocky relationship with him as defence minister. Although they are both right-wingers, Mr Bennett spurned Mr Netanyahu's call after the 23 March election to join him.
US President Joe Biden congratulated Mr Bennett and Mr Lapid, saying he looked forward to strengthening the "close and enduring" relationship between the two countries.
Israelis celebrate the swearing-in of the new government in Tel Aviv, Israel, Sunday, 13 June, 2021. Source: AAP
"My administration is fully committed to working with the new Israeli government to advance security, stability, and peace for Israelis, Palestinians, and people throughout the broader region," Mr Biden said in a statement.
Mr Netanyahu - widely known as 'Bibi' - was Israel's longest-serving leader, serving as prime minister since 2009 after a first term from 1996 to 1999.
The most dominant Israeli politician of his generation, he had become the face of Israel on the international stage, with his polished English and booming baritone voice.
He used his global stature to resist calls for Palestinian statehood, describing it as a danger to Israel's security. Instead, he sought to bypass the Palestinian issue by forging diplomatic deals with regional Arab states, on the back of shared fears of Iran.
Israel's new prime minister Naftali Bennett (R) has been sworn in, replacing Benjamin Netanyahu. Source: AAP
But he was a divisive figure at home and abroad, weakened by repeated failure to clinch a decisive election victory, and by an ongoing corruption trial in which he has denied any wrongdoing.
His opponents have long reviled what they see as Mr Netanyahu's divisive rhetoric, underhanded political tactics and subjection of state interests to his own political survival.
He hoped to prevail on the back of Israel's world-beating COVID-19 vaccination rollout, but was dogged by opponents who called him "Crime Minister" and accused him of earlier mishandling the coronavirus crisis and its economic fallout.
Business ahead
Addressing parliament, Mr Bennett echoed Mr Netanyahu's call for the United States not to return to the 2015 nuclear pact between Iran and world powers, a deal abrogated by Mr Biden's predecessor, Donald Trump.
"Renewal of the nuclear agreement with Iran is a mistake, an error that would again grant legitimisation to one of the darkest and violent regimes in the world," Mr Bennett said. "Israel will not allow Iran to equip itself with nuclear weapons."
Thanking Mr Biden for his "years of commitment to Israel's security", and for "standing by Israel" during fighting with Hamas militants in Gaza last month, Bennett said his government would pursue good relations with US Democrats and Republicans alike.
At home, Mr Bennett has angered right-wingers, however, by breaking a campaign pledge in joining forces with Mr Lapid, having to fend off allegations from Mr Netanyahu that he defrauded the electorate. Mr Bennett cited the national interest, arguing that a fifth election would have been a disaster for Israel.
Israel's new prime minister Naftali Bennett holds a first cabinet meeting in Jerusalem Sunday, 13 June, 2021. Source: AAP
Both Mr Bennett and Mr Lapid have said they want to bridge political divides and unite Israelis.
But the new Cabinet, which met for the first time late on Sunday, faces huge foreign, security and financial challenges: Iran, a fragile ceasefire with Palestinian militants in Gaza, a war crimes probe by the International Criminal Court, and post-pandemic economic recovery.
Mr Bennett listed as priorities reforms in education, health, cutting red tape to grow businesses and lower housing costs. Coalition leaders have said it would pass a two-year budget to help stabilise the country's finances.
