Australian scientists are part of the international team that has captured an image of a supermassive black hole at the centre of our own Milky Way galaxy.
The image of Sagittarius A* - produced by a global team of scientists known as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration - is the first, direct visual confirmation of the presence of the black hole, and comes three years after the first image of a black hole from a distant galaxy was captured.
Australian astronomer Professor Fred Watson said capturing the image, considering the size of the black hole and its distance, is a remarkable feat of scientific ingenuity.
"Its resemblance to a humble cream doughnut belies the extraordinary technological achievement it represents," he said.
"It shows the shadow of a black hole containing 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun at the very heart of our Milky Way Galaxy, clearly defined by a telescope the size of the Earth. Astonishingly, the predicted ring of radiation narrowly escaping the clutches of the black hole is visible at a magnification equivalent to what would be needed if the doughnut was located on the Moon."
To mark the moment, American doughnut company Krispy Kreme declared free Friday doughnuts at its US stores.
The Sagittarius A* black hole is about four million times more massive than our Sun, extending over an area almost as large as Mercury's orbit.
American astronomer Katie Bouman said the mechanics of the discovery was only made possible through algorithms that combine images of radio telescopes worldwide into a "single virtual Earth-sized telescope".
"At 27,000 light years [from Earth], this is like trying to take a photograph of a single grain of salt in New York, all the way from Los Angeles (4,488 km away)," she said.
"You would need a radio telescope as big as the entire Earth to take a picture of something that small. Constructing a telescope dish that big is of course impossible. So astronmers got creative."
Harvard University astronomer Sara Issaoun said the image confirms the existence of a Milky Way black hole that up until now had only been assumed.
"For decades, we have known about a compact object that is at the heart of our galaxy that is four million times more massive than our Sun," she told a press conference in Garching, Germany, held simultaneously with other media events around the world.
"Today, right this moment, we have direct evidence that this object is a black hole."
Black holes are regions of space where the pull of gravity is so intense that nothing can escape, including light.
The image thus depicts not the black hole itself, because it is completely dark, but the glowing gas that encircles the phenomenon in a bright ring of bending light.
As seen from Earth, it appears the same size as a doughnut on the surface of the Moon, Issaoun explained.
"These unprecedented observations have greatly improved our understanding of what happens at the very centre of our galaxy," EHT project scientist Geoffrey Bower, of Taiwan's Academia Sinica, said in a statement.
The research results are published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Virtual telescope
Sagittarius A* owes its name to its detection in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.
Located 27,000 light years from Earth, its existence has been assumed since 1974, with the detection of an unusual radio source at the centre of the galaxy.
In the 1990s, astronomers mapped the orbits of the brightest stars near the centre of the Milky Way, confirming the presence of a supermassive compact object there - work that led to the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Though the presence of a black hole was thought to be the only plausible explanation, the new image provides the first direct visual proof.
The first image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way galaxy, is comprised of an average of the different images captured by the Event Horizon Telescope. Credit: EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE COLLABORATION HANDOUT HANDOUT/EPA
"The EHT can see three million times sharper than the human eye," German scientist Thomas Krichbaum of the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy told reporters.
"So, when you are sitting in a Munich beer garden, for example, one could see the bubbles in a glass of beer in New York."
The EHT gazed at Sgr A* across multiple nights for many hours in a row -- a similar idea to long-exposure photography and the same process used to produce the first image of a black hole, released in 2019.
That black hole is called M87* because it is in the Messier 87 galaxy.
Einstein would be 'ecstatic'
The two black holes bear striking similarities, despite the fact that Sgr A* is 2,000 times smaller than M87*.
"Close to the edge of these black holes, they look amazingly similar," said Sera Markoff, co-chair of the EHT Science Council, and a professor at the University of Amsterdam.
Both behaved as predicted by Einstein's 1915 theory of General Relativity, which holds that the force of gravity results from the curvature of space and time, and cosmic objects change this geometry.
Despite the fact Sgr A* is much closer to us, imaging it presented unique challenges.
Gas in the vicinity of both black holes moves at the same speed, close to the speed of light. But while it took days and weeks to orbit the larger M87*, it completed rounds of Sgr A* in just minutes.
The brightness and pattern of the gas around Sgr A* changed rapidly as the team observed it, "a bit like trying to take a clear picture of a puppy quickly chasing its tail," said EHT scientist Chi-kwan Chan of the University of Arizona.
The researchers had to develop complex new tools to account for the moving targets.
The resulting image - the work of more than 300 researchers across 80 countries over a period of five years - is an average of multiple images that revealed the invisible monster lurking at the centre of the galaxy.
"The fact that we're able to make an image of one, something that should be unseeable... I think that that's just really exciting," Katie Bouman, a Caltech professor who played a key role in creating the image, told AFP.
Scientists are now eager to compare the two black holes to test theories about how gasses behave around them -- a poorly understood phenomenon thought to play a role in the formation of new stars and galaxies.
Probing black holes - in particular their infinitely small and dense centres known as singularities, where Einstein's equations break down - could help physicists deepen their understanding of gravity and develop a more advanced theory.
"What about Einstein? Would he smile seeing all these hundreds of scientists still not having proven him wrong?" said Anton Zensus of the Max Planck Institute.
"I rather think that he would be ecstatic seeing all the experimental possibilities we have in this field today."
